How are M2 macrophages activated?

M2 macrophages are alternatively activated by exposure to certain cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, or IL-13. M2 macrophages will produce either polyamines to induce proliferation or proline to induce collagen production. These macrophages are associated with wound healing and tissue repair.

How are macrophages activated?

Macrophages are activated by membrane-bound signals delivered by activated TH1 cells as well as by the potent macrophage-activating cytokine IFN-γ, which is secreted by activated T cells. Once activated, the macrophage can kill intracellular and ingested bacteria.

What stimulates macrophage activation?

Activation of the TLRs induces the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and this cytokine acts in an autocrine fashion to stimulate macrophages. Thus, the two signals that give rise to classically activated macrophages are IFNγ and TNF.

Do M2 macrophages Phagocytose?

These results are consistent with reports showing that M2 macrophages have higher phagocytic activity than M1 macrophages [35, 36].

Do M2 macrophages express MHC II?

However, we found that the coexpression of CD206 and MHC-II reliably phenotypically identified in vitro–derived M2 macrophages compared with the M0 subset (81.9 ± 5.7% versus 25.5 ± 6.6%; P < 0.001; Figures 1B and 1C).

How are macrophages activated in inflammation?

Macrophage as an inducer of the inflammation Resting macrophages produce only low levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. When an inflammatory process occurs, tissue-resident and recruited macrophages proliferate, differentiate, or become activated under the effect of interleukins or growth factors.

Do M2 macrophages proliferate?

Collectively, our data demonstrate that both resident and recruited macrophages can alternatively activate and be driven to proliferate by a Th2 environment in vivo. Thus, there is neither a specific precursor for M2 macrophages nor is proliferative capacity restricted by lineage.