What is an exogenous ligand?

In the context of metalloprotein ligands, exogenous describes ligands added from an external source, such as CO or O2.

What is a endogenous ligand?

The term endogenous ligand in regard to NRs describes a naturally occurring small molecule that elicits a conformational change in the NR upon binding (2).

What is an endogenous receptor?

In pharmacology, an endogenous agonist for a particular receptor is a compound naturally produced by the body which binds to and activates that receptor. For example, the primary endogenous agonist for serotonin receptors is serotonin, and the primary endogenous agonist for dopamine receptors is dopamine.

What is KD in pharmacodynamics?

The equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) represents the inverse of the affinity of the drug for the receptor and can be defined as; Equilibrium dissociation constant: Kd = K off K on = [ L ] [ R ] [ LR ]

Are drugs exogenous ligands?

Although the ligands of interest to prescribers are exogenous compounds (i.e. drugs), receptors in human tissues have evolved to bind endogenous ligands such as neurotransmitters, hormones, and growth factors.

What is an exogenous chemical?

originating outside the body, referring, for example, to drugs (exogenous chemicals) or to phenomena, conditions, or disorders resulting from the influence of external factors.

What is an exogenous substance?

Endogenous substances are substances that originate within a living organism whereas exogenous substances are substances that originate from outside a living organism. Examples of endogenous substances include cells, tissues, and organs whereas examples of exogenous substances include drugs and medicines.

What is an exogenous agonist?

In contrast, exogenous agonists are external factors which bind to various receptors and induce a biological response. An example of an exogenous agonist is a drug, such as synthetic dopamine, which binds to the dopamine receptor and elicits a response analogous to endogenous dopamine signaling.

What is the difference between KA and Kd?

Kd is the inverse of the equilibrium association constant, Ka, (i.e Kd = 1/Ka). Ka is defined as [AB]/[A][B} so it *is* higher with higher affinity. But, it’s in inconvenient units (M⁻¹) so biochemists usually work with Kd which is in nicer units (M or mM or nM or μM or whatever).

What are the four types of drug actions?

Absorption: Describes how the drug moves from the site of administration to the site of action. Distribution: Describes the journey of the drug through the bloodstream to various tissues of the body. Metabolism: Describes the process that breaks down the drug. Excretion: Describes the removal of the drug from the body.

What are exogenous and endogenous antigens?

Exogenous antigens are non-self antigens which enter the body from the outside as a result of ingestion, inhalation or injection. On the other hand, endogenous antigens are by-products of the regular cell metabolism.

What are endogenous TLR ligands and what are they made of?

Putative endogenous TLR ligands include proteins and peptides, polysaccharides and proteoglycan, nucleic acids and phospholipids, which are cellular components, particularly extracellular matrix degradation products.

How do endogenous TLR stimulators work?

Endogenous TLR stimulators have the potential to induce cardiac and vascular inflammation. Human cardiac myosin acts as an endogenous ligand to directly stimulate TLR2 and TLR8 and activate monocytes to release pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can promote chronic inflammation in the myocardium [38].